Chlorinated Water Found To Increase Risk of Bladder Cancer - Study

Facts about Vancouver Drinking Water - Article from YourWaterMasters.com

Lead in Drinking Water - CBC News Report

Water Filtration Process for the City of Toronto

Safe Plastics Guide - Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)

Q: Are there more in depth contaminant tests that can be performed in a customer’s home than OTO?

A: Not feasibly, most other tests for organic chemicals or heavy metals require testing by a spectrometer or by atomic absorption. Both methods are very accurate and require very costly equipment. Accurate and specific water analysis can only be performed in a laboratory. The best method of showing a consumer that there are other chemicals in their water is to obtain a copy of the water utilities annual water quality report, by law they have to provide it. The OTO (orthotolidine) test gives a good visual of the levels of chlorine in the water and the filters ability to remove it.

Q: What is TDS?

A: Total Dissolved Solids, the total measurement by weight of all solids that are dissolved in water. The dissolved solids in water are primarily calcium and magnesium and would not be a measurement of contamination. Tests that measure the conductivity of water (often used by companies selling reverse osmosis systems) only give a rough estimate of dissolved solids and should not be viewed as an indicator of water quality.

Q: Is Chlorine harmful?

A: Chlorine was first added to a community water system in 1908 in Chicago and was instrumental in eliminating many types of water-borne disease such as Cholera and Typhoid fever. Prior to chlorination, many major cities had death tolls of 1 in 1000 people from Typhoid alone. Chlorine has been used to disinfect municipal water for over 80 years and has had some positive effects on public health. In the 1970’s it was discovered that chlorine, when added to water, forms Trihalomethanes (chlorinated by-products) by combining with certain naturally occurring organic matter such as vegetation and algae. In 1992, the American Journal of Public Health published a report that showed a 15% to 35% increase in certain types of cancer for people who consume chlorinated water. This report also stated that much of these effects were due to showering in chlorinated water. The National Cancer Institute estimates cancer risks for people who consume chlorinated water to be 93% higher than for people who do not. The effects of drinking chlorinated water have been debated for decades. However, most experts now agree that there are some significant risks related to consuming chlorine and chlorinated by-products.

Q: Why do some areas test negative for chlorine?

A: Virtually all city water systems contain some level of chlorine. The level will vary based on outdoor temperature, the season, distance from water utility and current usage. While chlorine may sometimes be undetectable on a certain day with a standard OTO test kit, that level can change dramatically day to day. Also, some cities use ammonia at certain times as a disinfectant in order to reduce chlorination by-products. Without chlorine, the dangers of water borne disease would be too significant. An undetectable chlorine level, on a certain day, does not eliminate the need for an effective chlorine removal system.

Q: What are chloramines?

A: Chloramines, a combination of chlorine and ammonia, are a type of disinfectant used to kill potentially harmful bacteria in the water. Most municipalities in Canada use free chlorine to treat their water supply. In comparison to chlorine, chloramines form fewer chemicals in water, improve the smell and odor of water, and last longer to prevent bacterial growth in water. Chloramine specific filter uses catalytic "Centaur" carbon in place of coconut shell carbon and will effectively remove chloramines as well as free chlorine from water. If you want to learn more about chloramines, click here.

USE OF CHLORAMINES AS A SECONDARY DISINFECTANT IN CANADA

Ontario - Toronto, Etobicoke, York, East York, North York, Scarborough, Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth, Brantford, Region of Waterloo, Ottawa
Alberta - Greater Edmonton Area, Camrose, Lethbridge, Red Deer
Saskatchewan - Saskatoon
British Columbia - Victoria, Abbotsford, Rossland
Manitoba -
Quebec -
Newfoundland/Labrador -
New Brunswick -
Nova Scotia -
Nunavut/NWT -
Yukon -

This list is, by no means, complete. If you know of other Canadian municipalities that use chloramines and are not included here, please contact us so we can add them to the list.

Q: What do you do if you have water contaminated by radioactive matter?

A: Move! Radioactive water is not very common in this country and is a more serious problem than should be dealt with by a home water treatment system. Many people confuse the contaminant “Radon” with radioactivity when in fact they are quite different. Radon is produced from decaying Uranium ore and can be effectively removed by carbon filtration.

Q: What are VOCs?

A: Volatile Organic Chemicals are synthetic compounds that turn into vapor at relatively low temperatures. VOCs typically vaporize at a much lower temperature than water. Most synthetic chemicals found in water, such as pesticides and herbicides, are VOCs.

Q: Why don't filtration systems reduce TDS?

A: “Filtration” systems are designed to selectively remove contaminants and to leave in dissolved trace minerals such as calcium and magnesium. These water-borne minerals are healthful and give water a more natural flavor. Systems that remove minerals lower the pH of water and cause it to be more aggressive. Low pH water will seek to balance itself by leaching elements such as copper, lead or aluminum from plumbing fixtures and cooking utensils. Cooking in de-mineralized water will also draw the minerals from your foods causing a reduced nutritional value. Water with a balanced mineral content has a much less tendency to take on foreign elements. TDS (total dissolved solids) is primarily made up of dissolved minerals and is not related to harmful contaminants. It is very deceptive for companies to imply that a reduction in TDS means improved water quality, in most cases it does not.

Q: Why would the filtered water from the unit appear cloudy sometimes?

A: Occasionally, filtered water may appear milky or cloudy. The siphon action in closing the faucet can create air pockets in the filter. These air pockets will produce tiny air bubbles in the filtered water that can cause the appearance of cloudiness. This air will disappear if the glass of water sits for a minute. If cloudiness is noticed in the filtered water, turn the filter upside down and allow water to run for two to three minutes. This will allow the air pockets to purge out of the filter cartridges.

Q: Can filters be used on hot water?

A: It is not recommended to use drinking water filters on hot water due to the potential for leakage. The soft rubber tubing on most Counter-Top systems and the o-ring seals can soften and create leaks when exposed to hot water. Most countertop systems are rated for water temperatures up to 32°. Shower filters can be used with water up to 50°; 36°-42° is normal shower temperature.

Q: Do people on private wells need to use shower filters?

A: There are many health and cosmetic benefits to removing chemicals and compounds from shower water, even on non-chlorinated private wells. Virtually all ground water contains traces of some chemical or chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin or inhaled. Also, shower filters help balance the water’s pH, which has also a cosmetic benefit.

Q: How does a water softener differ from filtration products?

A: Water softeners are not designed to improve the healthfulness of water, but rather to decrease dissolved minerals and reduce scaling of pipes and appliances. These systems typically use a sodium charged exchange medium that releases sodium ions and removes minerals such as calcium, magnesium, or potassium. From a health standpoint, the minerals would be preferred over the sodium. Filtration systems are designed to specifically remove harmful contaminants and leave in the natural minerals.

Q: Are filtration products considered purifiers?

A: Technically, a purifier would be a system that provides “pure” water – hydrogen and oxygen with no other components. Pure water of this sort does not exist except in the controlled environment of a laboratory. Most references to “pure water” are in relation to the bacteria content and not the chemical contaminant concentrations. The EPA defines “pure” as water free from all types of bacteria and viruses. Each of these definitions would describe a system significantly different from a drinking water filter. Many filtration systems are designed to eliminate chlorine resistant parasites like cryptosporidium and giardia, but should not be sold as a means of treating water of unsafe bacteriological quality.

Q: Are water products EPA approved?

A: No, the EPA does not approve anyone’s product. Only products that contain regulated contaminants, like silver in silver impregnated carbon filters, are required to have an EPA “registration” number. An EPA registration number simply means that the product contains something that the EPA has determined to be harmful.

Q: Do water treatment products require FDA approval?

A: No, however certifications that apply to certified products require proof that all component materials meet FDA requirements for food grade materials. The performance claims of a filtration system should be validated and certified by Departments of Health, like the California Department of Health Services, to ensure compliance.

Q: How do filters compare to reverse osmosis or distillation systems?

A: Reverse osmosis and distillation are non-selective de-mineralizing processes. The water produced by these systems has been stripped of all mineral content, which causes water to be acidic and aggressive. The healthiest water is water that is free from contamination but still contains a natural mineral balance. Filtration systems are designed to selectively remove contaminants and allow the natural minerals to pass through.

Q: Are whole house systems (P.O.E.- point-of-entry) better than counter-top filters (P.O.U.– point-of-use)?

A: P.O.U. systems are by far the best way to ensure the highest quality water since many water-borne contaminants come from the plumbing in your house, especially lead and vinyl chloride from the piping. By filtering water at the point-of-use you remove contaminants just prior to consumption, eliminating the chance of recontamination. Point-of-entry systems are very beneficial in that they provide filtered water to all baths and showers as well as other water appliances. By filtering all the water going into your home you improve not only the healthfulness of the water, but you greatly improve the indoor air quality by removing chlorine and other chemicals that vaporize and get into the indoor air.

Q: How do you know if there are contaminants in your water?

A: All public water systems contain some level of one or more unhealthful chemicals. Regulations only require periodic testing of about 86 chemicals. There are now more than 75,000 chemicals used in our society with over 1000 new ones being developed each year. Contaminant levels fluctuate throughout the year making it impossible to know the actual level of contamination in a central water system. So far over 2100 toxic chemicals have been detected in America’s water systems. The risk is high and the cost for a sure solution is low.

Q: What are some good web sites to find documentation on water problems?

A: Natural Resources Defense Council, Environmental Working Group, Environmental Defense Fund, Environmental Protection Agency and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are all good informational sites with numerous documented studies on water problems.

Q: Do filter systems remove radon?

A: Radon is a gas produced by decaying uranium and is more often a problem when airborne, however some areas may have radon in the water, which can be effectively removed by most carbon filters.

Q: Does the AQ-4000 system use silver to prevent bacteria from growing inside the filter?

A: No, silver is used in some systems to reduce bacteria growth, however, silver is a toxic metal that can leach into the filtered water. The type of bacteria (heterotrophic) that can colonize on carbon media are very slow growing bacteria and are typically only a problem with filters that are used for 12 months or longer without cartridge replacement.

Q: What materials make up the housing of the Aquasana Countertop?

A: The AQ-4000 is made with FDA approved , food grade ABS 15% glass plastic for the housing and LDPE (low density polyethylene) for the tubing.

Q: Does this filter remove chloramines?

A: The AQ-4000 will reduce chloramines by up to 99%, but not for a full 2400 litres. Because chloramines are a combination of ammonia and chlorine, they will exhaust the filters after about 1900 litres (which means testing showed that the system was actually good for 3800 litres, as testing is done for twice the advertised capacity), or about 5 months (actually 10 months). This does not mean you can extend the lifespan of your AQ-4000 to 10 months, as other factors, like bacterial growth come into play. Cartridges on the AQ-4000 used in a chloramine environment should be changed every 5 months, for a family of 4-5 people. For smaller families, they should be changed every 6 months.

Q: What are the dimensions of the filter unit?

A: The dimensions of the AQ-4000 are 23.25cm x 17cm x 9cm.